Citations & References

Chapter 8

The Immune System and the Hepatitis C Virus

Tina M. St. John, M.D.

1. Wang H, Eckels DD. Mutations in immunodominant T cell epitopes derived from the nonstructural 3 protein of hepatitis C virus have the potential for generating escape variants that may have important consequences for T cell recognition. J Immunol. 1999;162(7):4177-83.

2. Pavio N, Lai MM. The hepatitis C virus persistence: how to evade the immune system? J Biosci. 2003;28(3):287-304.

3. Zeuzem S, Schmidt JM, Lee JH, von Wagner M, Teuber G, Roth W K. Hepatitis C virus dynamics in vivo: effect of ribavirin and interferon alfa on viral turnover. Hepatology. 1998;28:245-52.

4. Neumann AU, Lam NP, Dahari H, et al. Hepatitis C viral dynamics in vivo and the antiviral efficacy of interferon-alpha therapy. Science. 1998;282:103-7.

5. Lanford RE, Chavez D, Chisari FV, Sureau C. Lack of detection of negative-strand hepatitis C virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and other extrahepatic tissues by the highly strand-specific rTth reverse transcriptase PCR. J Virol. 1995;69:8079-83.

6. Cribier B, Schmitt C, Bingen A, Kirn A, Keller F. In vitro infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by hepatitis C virus. J Gen Virol. 1995;76:2485-91.

7. Reiser M, et al. Serum interleukin 4 and interleukin 10 levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol. 1997;26(3):471-8.

8. He XS, Rehermann B, et al. Quantitative analysis of hepatitis C virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in peripheral blood and liver using peptide-MHC tetramers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96(10):5692-7.

9. Ferrari C, Penna A, et al. Antiviral cell-mediated immune responses during hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections. Recent Results Cancer Res. 1998;154:330-6.

10. Diepolder HM, Zachoval R, Hoffmann RM, Wierenga EA, Santantonio T, et al. Possible mechanism involving lymphocyte response to non-structural protein 3 in viral clearance in acute hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet. 1995;346:1006-7.

11. Missale G, Bertoni R, Lamonaca V, Valli, A, Massari M, et al. Different clinical behaviors of acute hepatitis C virus infection are associated with different vigor of the anti-viral cell-mediated immune response. J Clin Invest. 1996;98:706-14.

12. Lechner F, Wong DK, Dunbar PR, Chapman, R, Chung RT, et al. Analysis of successful immune responses in persons infected with hepatitis C virus. J Exp Med. 2000;191:1499-512.

13. Shoukry NH, Grakoui A, Houghton M, Chien DY, Ghrayeb J, et al. Memory CD8+ T cells are required for protection from persistent hepatitis C virus infection. J Exp Med. 2003;197:1645-55.

14. Thimme R, Oldach D, Chang KM, Steiger C, Ray SC, Chisari FV. Determinants of viral clearance and persistence during acute hepatitis C virus infection. J Exp Med. 2001;194:1395-406.

15. Cramp ME, Rossol S, Chokshi S, Carucci P, Williams R, Naoumov NV. Hepatitis C virus-specific T-cell reactivity during interferon and ribavirin treatment in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2000;118:346-55.

16. Kamal SM, Fehr J, Roesler B, Peters T, Rasenack JW. Peginterferon alone or with ribavirin enhances HCV-specific CD4 T-helper 1 responses in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1070-83.

17. Mayo, MJ. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C infection. Am J Med Sci. 2002;325:135-48.

18. Matsuo K, Kusano A, Sugumar A, Nakamura S, Tajima K, Mueller NE. Effect of hepatitis C virus infection on the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Cancer Sci. 2004;95(9):745-52.