1. Thomas, DL. Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Hepatology. 2002;36(Suppl 1):S201-9.

2. Grueb G, Ledergerber B, Battegay M, et al. Clinical progression , survival, and immune recovery during antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus coinfection: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Lancet. 2000;356:1800-5.

3. Sherman KE, Rouster SD, Chung RT, Rajicic N. Hepatitis C: prevalence in HIV-infected patients across sectional analysis of the US ACTG. Antiviral Ther. 2000;5(Suppl 1):64-5.

4. Waldrep TW, Summers KK, Chiliade PA. Coinfection with HIV and HCV: more questions than answers? Pharmacotherapy. 2000;20:1499-1507.

5. Sherman KE, Rouster SD, Chung RT, Rajicic N. Hepatitis C virus prevalence among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a cross-sectional analysis of the US Adult AIDS Clinical Trial Group. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:831-7.

6. Sulkowski MS, Moore RD, Metha SH, Chaisson RE, Thomas DL. Hepatitis C and progression of HIV disease. JAMA. 2002;288:199-206.

7. Soriano V, Sulkowski M, Bergin C, et al. Care of patients with chronic hepatitis C and HIV co-infection: recommendations from the HIV-HCV International Panel. AIDS. 2002;16:813-28.

8. De Luca A, Bugarini R, Cozzi Lepri A, et al. Coinfection with hepatitis viruses and outcome of initial antiretroviral regimens in previously naive HIV-infected subjects. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2125-32.

9. Bonacini M, Lin HJ, Hollinger FB. Effect of coexisting HIV-1 infection on the diagnosis and evaluation of hepatitis C virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;26:340-4.

10. George SL, Gebhardt J, Klintzman D, et al. Hepatitis C virus viremia in HIV-infected individuals with negative HCV antibody tests. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;31(2):154-162.

11. Soriano V, Puoti M, Sulkowski M, et al. Care of patients with hepatitis C and HIV co-infection. AIDS. 2004;18:1-12.

12. Verucchi G, Calza R, Manfred R, Chiodo F. Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection: epidemiology, natural history, therapeutic options and clinical management. Infection. 2004;33:33-46.

13. Soto B, Sanchez-Quijano A, Rodrigo L, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection modifies the natural history of chronic parenterally-acquired hepatitis C with an unusually rapid progression to cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 1997;26:1-5.

14. Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Di Martino V, et al. Liver fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. The Multivirc Group. Hepatology. 1999;30:1054-58.

15. Puoti M, Bonacini M, Spinetti A, et al. Liver fibrosis progression is related to CD4 cell depletion in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 2001;183(1):134-7.

16. Bierhoff E, Fischer HP, Willsch E, et al. Liver histopathology in patients with concurrent chronic hepatitis C and HIV infection. Virchows Arch. 1997;430(4):271-7.

17. Graham CS, Baden LR, Yu E, et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the course of hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(4):562-9.

18. Monga HK, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Breaux K, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection related morbidity and mortality among patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:240-7.

19. Garcia-Samaniego J, Rodriguez M, Berenguer J, Rodriguez-Rosado R, Carbo J, Asensi V, Soriano V. Hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(1):179-83.

20. Chung RT, Evans SR, Yang Y, et al. Immune recovery is associated with persistent rise in hepatitis C virus RNA, infrequent liver test flares, and is not impaired by hepatitis C virus in coinfected subjects. AIDS. 2002;16:1915-23.

21. Dorrucci M, Pezzotti P, Phillips AN, Lepri AC, Rezza G. Coinfection of hepatitis C virus with human immunodefeiciency virus and progression to AIDS. Italian Seroconversion Study. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:1503-8.

22. Mahajan AP, Hogan JW, Snyder B, et al. Changes in Total Lymphocyte Count as a Surrogate for Changes in CD4 Count Following Initiation of HAART: Implications for Monitoring in Resource-Limited Settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;36(1):567-75.

23. Benhamou Y, Di Martino V, Bochet M, Colombet G, Thibault V, Liou A, Katlama C, Poynard T; MultivirC Group. Factors affecting liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus-and hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients: impact of protease inhibitor therapy. Hepatology. 2001;34(2):283-7.

24. Rodriguez-Rosado R, Garcia-Samaniego J, Soriano V. Hepatotoxicity after introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 1998;12:1256.

25. Saves M, Vandentorren S, Daucourt V. Severe hepatic cytolysis: incidence and risk factors in patients treated by antiretroviral combinations. Aquitaine Cohort, France, 1996-1998. AIDS. 1999;13:F115-21.

26. Sulkowski M, Thomas D, Chaisson R, Moore R. Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with HIV and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection. JAMA. 2000;283:74-80.

27. Den Brinker M, Wit F, Wertheim-van Dillen P. Hepatitis B and C virus coinfection and the risk for hepatotoxicity of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 2000;14:2895-2902.

28. Saves M, Raffi F, Clevenbergh, P, et al. Hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection is a risk factor for severe hepatic cytolysis after initiation of a protease inhibitor-contained antiretroviral regimen in HIV-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:3451-5.

29. Nunez M, Lana R, Mendoza JL, Martin-Carbonero L, Soriano V. Risk factors for severe liver toxicity following the introduction of HAART. J Acquired Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;27:426-31.

30. Bonfanti P, Landonio S, Ricci E. Risk factors for hepatotoxicity in patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquired Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;27:316-8.

31. D'Arminio Monforte A, Bugarini R, Pezzotti P. Low frequency of sever hepatotoxicity and association with HCV coninfection in HIV-positive patients treated with HAART. J Acquired Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;28:114-23.

32. Aceti A, Pasquazzi C, Zechini B, De Bac C, and the LIVERHAART Group. Hepatotoxicity development during antiretroviral therapy containing protease inhibitors in patients with HIV. The role of hepatitis B and C virus infection. J Acquired Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;29:41-8.

33. Wit F, Weverling G, Weel J, Jurrians S, Lange J. Incidence and risk factors for severe hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral combination therapy. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:23-31.

34. Martinez E, Blanco J, Arnaiz J, Gatell J. Heptatotoxicity in HIV-infected patients receiving nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2001;15:1261-8.

35. Sulkowski M, Thomas D, Mehta S, Chaisson R, Moore R. Hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine or efavirenz-containing antiretroviral therapy: role of hepatitis C and B infections. Hepatology. 2002;35:182-9.

36. Kontorinis N, Dieterich D. Hepatotoxicity of antiretroviral drugs. AIDS Rev. 2003;5:36-43.

37. Goelz J, Klausen G, Moll A. Efficacy and tolerance of therapy with IFN-alpha/RBV and pefIFN-alpha/RBV in HIV/HCV coinfected IVDUs. Abstract MoPeB3258. XIV World AIDS Conference. Barcelona, Spain. 2002.

38. Perez-Olmeda M, Nunez M, Romero M, Gonzalez J, Arribas J, Soriano V. Pegylated interferon alpha 2b plus ribavirin as therapy for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2003;17:1023-8.

39. Rockstroh J, Schulz C, Mauss S, Klausen G, Voigt E, Gölz J. Pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin therapy for hepatitis C in HIV-coinfected patients: 24 weeks results. Abstract WePeB6025. XIV World AIDS Conference. Barcelona, Spain. 2002.

40. Perronne C, Carrat F, Bani S. RIBAVIC trial (ANRS HC02): a controlled randomized trial of pegylated interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin versus interferon alfa2b plus ribavirin for the initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV coinfected patients: preliminary results. Abstract LbOr16. XIV World AIDS Conference. Barcelona, Spain. 2002.

41. Hopkins S, Lyons F, Brannigan E, Mulcahy F, Bergin C. Tolerability of pegylated interferon and ribavirin in the HIV/HCV coinfected population. Abstract ThPeC7531. XIV World AIDS Conference. Barcelona, Spain. 2002.

42. Chung R, Andersen J, Alston B. A randomized, controlled trial of pegylated interferon alpha 2a with RBV vs. interferon alpha 2a with RBV for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV coinfection. Abstract LB15. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Seattle, Washington. 2002.

43. Cargnel A, Casella A, Angeli E, Gubertini G, Orlando G, De Luca P. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin for the treatment of HIV/HCV coinfected patients: an open, multicentre, randomized trial. Abstract 115. Digestive Disease Week. San Francisco, California. 2002.

44. Manns M, McHutchison J, Gordon S. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomized trial. Lancet. 2001;358:958-65.

45. Fried M, Shiffman M, Reddy R. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:975-82.

46. Torriani FJ, Ribeiro RM, Gilbert TL, Schrenk UM, Clauson M, Pacheco DM, Perelson AS. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dynamics during HCV treatment in HCV/HIV coinfection. J Infect Dis. 2003;188(10):1498-507.

47. Perez-Olmeda M, Martin-Carbonero L, Rios P, Nunez M, Gonzalez-Lahoz J, Soriano V. Predictive value of early virological response (12 weeks) to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin in HIV-HCV coinfected patients. Abstract 842. 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, Massachusetts. 2003.

48. Soriano V, Garcia-Samaniego J, Bravo R, et al. Interferon alpha for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in patients infected with HIV. Hepatitis-HIV Spanish Study Group. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:585-91.

49. Mauss S, Klinker H, Ulmer A, et al. Response to treatment of chronic hepatitis C with interferon alpha in patients infected with HIV-1 is associated with higher CD4+ cell count. Infection. 1998;26:16-9.

50. Vento S, Di Perri G, Cruciani M, Garofano T, Concia E, Bassetti D. Rapid decline of CD4+ cells after intergeron treatment in HIV-1 infection. Lancet. 1993;341:958-9.

51. Pesce A, Taillan B, Rosenthal E. Opportunistic infections and CD4 lymphcytopenia with interferon treatment in HIV-1 infected patients. Lancet. 1993;341:1597.

52. Homma M, Matsuzaki Y, Inoue Y, Shibata M, Mitamura K, Tanaka N, Kohda Y. Marked elevation of erythrocyte ribavirin levels in interferon and ribavirin-induced anemia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2(4):337-9.

53. Devine EB, Kowdley KV, Veenstra DL, Sullivan SD. Management strategies for ribavirin-induced hemolytic anemia in the treatment of hepatitis C: clinical and economic implications. Value Health. 2001;4(5):376-84.

54. Sulkowski MS. Anemia in the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37(Suppl 4):S315-22.

55. Okuda M, Li K, Beard MR, Showalter LA, Scholle F, Lemon SM, Weinman SA. Mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and antioxidant gene expression are induced by hepatitis C virus core protein. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(2):366-75.

56. Lopez S, Miro O, Martinez E, et al. Mitochondrial effects of antiretroviral therapies in asymptomatic patients. Antivir Ther. 2004;9(1):47-55.

57. Mauss S, Larrey D, valenti W. Risk factors for hepatic decompensation in cirrhotic patients with HIV-HCV coinfection treated with PEG interferon or interferon and ribavirin or placebo. Abstract PL12.4. Sixth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection. Glasgow, Norway. 2002.

58. Perrone C, Carrat F, Banisadr F, et al. ANRS HC02-RIBAVIC: a randomized controlled trial of pegylated interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin versus interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin as primary treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV coinfected patients. Hepatoltogy. 2002;36:283A.

59. Neff G, Jayaweera D, Tzakis A. Liver transplantation for HIV-infected patients with end-stage liver disease. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2002;7:114-23.

60. Roland M, Carlson L, Ragni M. Solid organ transplantation in HIV-infected recipients: 47 cases in the HAART era. Abstract MoOrB1060. XIVth International AIDS Conference. Barcelona, Spain. 2002.

61. Ragni M, Belle S, Im K, et al. Survival in HIV-infected liver transplant recipients. Abstract 155. 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, Massachusetts. 2003.

62. Chopra KB, Demetris AJ, Blakolmer K, et al. Progression of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2003;76(10):1487-91.

63. Neff GW, et al. Preliminary treatment results of pegylated interferon alpha 2b and ribavirin in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C virus nonresponsive to interferon alpha 2b plus ribavirin. Abstract 4447.00. European Association for the Study of the Liver. Geneva, Switzerland. 2003.